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KC Sinha Solution Class 12 Chapter 23 अवकल समीकरण (Differential Equations) Exercise 23.6

 Exercise 23.6

निम्नलिखित अवकल समीकरणो को हल करे।
[Solve the following differential equations]

Question 1

x(x-y)dy+y2dx=0

Sol :

x(x-y)dy=-y2dx

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{-y^2}{x(x-y)}

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y^2}{x(y-x)}

f(x,y)=\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y^2}{xy-x^2}...(i)

f(kx,ky)=\frac{(ky)^2}{kx.ky}-(kx)^2

=\frac{k^2y^2}{k^2xy-k^2x^2}

=\frac{k^2y^2}{k^2(xy-x^2)}

=k0f(x,y)

∴यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii) 

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{y^2}{xy-x^2}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{(vx)^2}{x.vx-x^2}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{v^2x^2}{x^2(v-1)}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{v^2}{v-1}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{v^2-v^2+v}{v-1}

\frac{v-1}{v}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

\left(1-\frac{1}{v}\right)dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \left(1-\frac{1}{v}\right)dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

v-log |v|=log|x|+log k

\frac{y}{x}=\log \left|\frac{y}{x}\right|+\log |x|+\log k

\frac{y}{x}=\log \left|\frac{y}{x}.x.k\right|

e^{\frac{y}{x}}=ky

y=\frac{1}{k}e^{\frac{y}{x}}

y=ce^{\frac{y}{x}} जहाँ c=\frac{1}{k}


Question 2

x2dy+y(x+y)dx=0

Sol :

x2dy+y(x+y)dx=0

x2dy=-y(x+y)dx

\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\frac{-y(x+y)}{x^2}

\frac{dy}{dx}=-\left(\frac{xy+y^2}{x^2}\right)...(i)

∴यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=-\left(\frac{xy+y^2}{x^2}\right)

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=-\left(\frac{x.vx+(vx)^2}{x^2}\right)

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=-\left(\frac{x^2(v+v^2)}{x^2}\right)

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=-v-v^2-v

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=-2v-v^2

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=-(v^2+2v

\frac{dv}{v^2+2v}=\frac{-dx}{x}

\frac{dv}{v(v+2)}=-\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{dv}{v(v+2)}=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\frac{1}{2}\int \left[\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{v+2}\right]dv=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\frac{1}{2}\left[\log|v|-\log|v+2|\right]=-\log|x|+\log k

\log \frac{v}{v+2}=-2log|x|+2logk

\log \dfrac{\frac{y}{x}}{\frac{y}{x}+2}+\log x^2 =\log k^2

\log \dfrac{\frac{y}{x}}{\frac{y+2x}{x}}+\log x^2 =\log k^2

\log \frac{x^2 y}{y+2x}=\log k^2

\frac{x^2y}{y+2x}=k^2

x2y=k2(y+2x)

x2y=c(y+2x), जहाँ c=k2


Question 3

x\frac{dy}{dx}=x+y

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x+y}{x}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v...(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{x+y}{x}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x+vx}{x}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v==\frac{x(1+v)}{x}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=1+v-v

dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

v=log x+c

\frac{y}{x}=\log x+c

y=xlog|x|+cx


Question 4

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x+y}{x-y}

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x+y}{x-y}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x+y}{x-y}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x+vx}{x-vx}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x(1+v)}{x(1-v)}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1+v}{1-v}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1+v-v+v^2}{1-v}

\frac{1-v}{1+v^2}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{1-v}{1+v^2}dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

\int \left(\frac{1}{1+v^2}-\frac{v}{1+v^2}\right)dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

\int \frac{1}{1+v^2}dv-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{2v}{1+v^2}dv=\int \frac{dv}{x}

\tan^{-1}v-\frac{1}{2}\log |1+v^2|=\log x+c

\tan^{-1}v=\frac{1}{2}\log |1+v^2|+\log x+c

\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\log \left|1+\frac{y^2}{x^2}\right|+\log x+c

\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\log \left|\frac{x^2+y^2}{x^2}\right|+\log x+c

\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\log \left|x^2+y^2\right| -\frac{1}{2}\log x^2 +\log x+c

\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\log \left|x^2+y^2\right| -\log x^2 +\log x+c

\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\log \left|x^2+y^2\right| +c


Question 5

2xy\frac{dy}{dx}=x^2+y^2

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x^2+y^2}{2xy}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2+y^2}{2xy}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2+(vx)^2}{2x.vx}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2(1+v^2)}{2x^2v}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1+v^2}{2v}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1+v^2-2v^2}{2v}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1-v^2}{2v}

\frac{2v}{1-v^2}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

-\int \frac{-2v}{1-v^2}dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

-log|1-v2|=log |x|+log k

-\log \left|1-\frac{y^2}{x^2}\right|=\log |x|+\log k

-\log \left|\frac{x^2-y^2}{x^2}\right|=\log |x|+\log k

-log|x2-y2|+log x2=log x+log k

2log x-log x=log(x2-y2)+log k

log x=log k(x2-y2)

x=k(x2-y2)


Question 6

yex/ydx=(xex/y+y)dy

Sol :

f(x,y)=\frac{dx}{dy}=\frac{xe^{x/y}+y}{ye^{x/y}}..(i)

f(kx,ky)=\frac{kxe^{\frac{kx}{ky}}+ky}{kye^{\frac{kx}{ky}}}

=\frac{k(xe^{\frac{x}{y}}+y)}{kye^{x/y}}

=k0.f(x,y)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

x=vy ⇒ v=\frac{x}{y}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dx}{dy}=\frac{dv}{dy}.y+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

 \frac{dv}{dy}.y+v=\frac{x.e^{\frac{x}{y}}+y}{ye^{\frac{x}{y}}}

\frac{dv}{dy}.y+v=\frac{vye^{\frac{vy}{y}}+y}{ye^{\frac{vy}{y}}}

\frac{dv}{dy}.y+v=\frac{y(ve^v+1)}{ye^v}

\frac{dv}{dy}.y=\frac{ve^v+1}{e^v}-v

\frac{dv}{dy}.y=\frac{ve^v+1-ve^v}{e^v}

e^vdv=\frac{dy}{y}

Integrating both sides

\int e^v dv=\int \frac{dy}{y}

ev=log|y|+c

e^{\frac{x}{y}}=\log y+c


Question 7

xy\frac{dy}{dx}=x^2-y^2

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x^2-y^2}{xy}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2-y^2}{xy}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2-(vx)^2}{x.vx}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2(1-v^2)}{x^2 v}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1-v^2}{v}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1-v^2-v^2}{v}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1-2v^2}{v}

\frac{v}{1-2v^2}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\frac{1}{-4}\int \frac{-4v}{1-2v^2}dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

-\frac{1}{4}\log |1-2v^2|=\log|x|+\log k

\log |1-2\frac{y^2}{x^2}|=-4\log |x|-4\log k

\log \left|\frac{x^2-2y^2}{x^2}\right|=-\log |x^4|+\log k^{-4}

\log \left|\frac{x^2-2y^2}{x^2}\times x^4\right|=\log k^{-4}

log|x2(x2-2y2)|=log k-4

x2(x2-2y2)=k-4

x2(x2-2y2)=c, जहाँ c=k-4


Question 8

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x-y}{x+y}

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x-y}{x+y}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{x-y}{x+y}

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{x-vx}{x+vx}

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{x(1-v)}{x(1+v)}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1-v}{1+v}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1-v-v-v^2}{1+v}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{1-2v-v^2}{1+v}

\frac{1+v}{1-v^2-2v}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{1+v}{1-2v-v^2}dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

-\frac{1}{2}\log |1-2v-v^2|=\log |x|+\log k

\log \left|1-\frac{2y}{x}-\frac{y^2}{x^2}\right|=-2\log |x|-2\log k

\log \left|\frac{x^2-2xy-y^2}{x^2}\right|=-\log |x^2|+\log k^{-2}

\log \left|\frac{x^2-2xy-y^2}{x^2}\times x^2\right|=\log \frac{1}{k^2}

x^2-2xy-y^2=\frac{1}{k^2}

x^2-2xy-y^2=c , जहाँ c=\frac{1}{k^2}


Question 9

2xy\frac{dy}{dx}=x^2+3y^2

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x^2+3y^2}{2xy}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{x^2+3y^2}{2xy}

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{x^2+3(vx)^2}{2x.vx}

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{x^2(1+3v^2)}{2x^2v}

\frac{dv}{dx}x=\frac{1+3v^2}{2v}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}x=\frac{1+3v^2-2v^2}{2v}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}x=\frac{1+v^2}{2v}

\frac{2v}{1+v^2}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{2v}{1+v^2}dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

log|1+v2|=log|x|+log c

\log \left|1+\frac{y^2}{x^2}\right|=\log x+\log c

\log \left|\frac{x^2+y^2}{x^2}\right|=\log cx

\frac{x^2+y^2}{x^2}=cx

x2+y2=cx3


Question 10

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{2xy}{x^2-y^2}

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{2xy}{x^2-y^2}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{2xy}{x^2-y^2}

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{2x.vx}{x^2-(vx)^2}

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{2x^2v}{x^2(1-v^2)}

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{2v}{1-v^2}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}x=\frac{2v-v+v^3}{1-v^2}

\frac{dv}{dx}x=\frac{v+v^3}{1-v^2}

\frac{1-v^2}{v+v^3}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

\frac{1-v^2}{v(1+v^2)}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{1-v^2}{v(1+v^2)}dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

\int \left[\frac{1}{v}-\frac{2v}{1+v^2}\right]=\int \frac{dx}{x}

log|v|-log|1+v2|=log|x|+log k

\log \frac{v}{1+v^2}=\log x+\log k

\log \dfrac{\frac{y}{x}}{1+\frac{y^2}{x^2}}=\log kx

\dfrac{\frac{y}{x}}{\frac{x^2+y^2}{x^2}}=kx

\frac{xy}{x^2+y^2}=kx

y=k(x2+y2)


Question 11

\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{x-2y}{2x-y}=0

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=-\left(\frac{-x-2y}{2x-y}\right)

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{2y-x}{2x-y}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{2y-x}{2x-y}

\frac{dv}{dx}x+v=\frac{2vx-x}{2x-vx}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x(2v-1)}{x(2-v)}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{2v-1}{2-v}-v

\frac{dv}{dx}.x=\frac{v^2-1}{2-v}

\frac{2-v}{v^2-1}dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{2-v}{v^2-1}dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

2\int \frac{dv}{v^2-1^2}-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{v}{v^2-1}dv=\int \frac{dx}{x}

2\times \frac{1}{2\times 1} \log \left|\frac{v-1}{v+1}\right|-\frac{1}{2}\log \left|v^2-1\right|=\log |x|+\log k

\log \left|\frac{v-1}{v+1}\right|-\log |\sqrt{v^2-1}|=log kx

\log \left|\frac{v-1}{(v+1)\sqrt{(v-1)(v+1)}}\right|=\log kx

\log \left|\frac{\sqrt{v-1}}{(v+1)\sqrt{v+1}}\right|=\log kx

\dfrac{\sqrt{\frac{y}{x}-1}}{\left(\frac{y}{x}+1\right)\sqrt{\frac{y}{x}+1}}=kx

दोनो तरफ वर्ग करने पर,

\dfrac{\frac{y-x}{x}}{\frac{(x+y)^3}{x^3}}=k^2x^2

\frac{x^2(y-x)}{(x+y)^3}=k^2 x^2

y-x=k2(x+y)3

y-x=c(x+y)3, जहाँ c=k2


Question 12

x^2 \frac{dy}{dx}=x^2+xy+y^2

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x^2+xy+y^2}{x^2}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2+xy+y^2}{x^2}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2+x.vx+(vx)^2}{x^2}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x^2(1+v+v^2)}{x^2}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=1+v+v^2

\frac{dv}{1+v^2}=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{dv}{1+v^2}=\int \frac{dx}{x}

tan-1 v=log|x|+c

\tan \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)=\log |x|+C


Question 13

x\frac{dy}{dx}=y-\sqrt{x^2+y^2}

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y-\sqrt{x^2y^2}}{x}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{y-\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}{x}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{vx-\sqrt{x^2+(vx)^2}}{x}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{vx-x\sqrt{1+v^2}}{x}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=\frac{x(v-\sqrt{1+v^2})}{x}

\frac{dv}{dx}.x+v=v-\sqrt{1+v^2}

\frac{dv}{\sqrt{1+v^2}}=-\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{dv}{\sqrt{1^2+v^2}}=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\log (v+\sqrt{1^2+v^2})=-\log|x|+\log k

\log \left(\frac{y}{x}+\sqrt{1+\frac{y^2}{x^2}}\right)+\log x=\log k

\log \left(\frac{y}{x}+\sqrt{\frac{x^2+y^2}{x^2}}\right)+\log x=\log k

\log \left(\frac{y}{x}+\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}{x}\right)+\log x=\log k

\log \left(\frac{y+\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}{x}\right)+\log x=\log k

\log \left(\frac{y+\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}{x}\times x\right)=\log k

y+\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=k


Question 14

y^2+x^2\frac{dy}{dx}=xy\frac{dy}{dx}

Sol :

y^2=xy\frac{dy}{dx}-x^2\frac{dy}{dx}

y^2=(xy-x^2)\frac{dy}{dx}

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y^2}{xy-x^2}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{y^{2}}{x y-x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{(v x)^{2}}{x \cdot v x-x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{v^{2} x^{2}}{x^{2}(v-1)}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{v^{2}}{v-1}-v

\frac{d v}{d x} x=\frac{v^{2}-v^{2}+v}{u-1}

\frac{v-1}{v} d v=\frac{d x}{x}

\left(1-\frac{1}{v}\right) d v=\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int\left(1-\frac{1}{v}\right) d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

v-log v=log x+c

\frac{y}{x}-\log \frac{y}{x}=\log x+c

\frac{y}{x}=\log \frac{y}{x}+\log x+c

\frac{y}{x}=\log \frac{y}{x} x+c

y=x[log y+C]


Question 15

(x2+)dx+3xydy=0

3xydy=-(x2+y2)dx

\frac{d y}{d x}=-\frac{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)}{3 x y}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=-\frac{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)}{3 x y}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=-\frac{\left(x^{2}+v^{2} x^{2}\right)}{3 x \cdot v x}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{-x^{2}\left(1+v^{2}\right)}{3 vx^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{-1-v^{2}}{3 v}-v

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{-1-v^{2}-3 v^{2}}{3 v}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{-1-4 v^{2}}{3 v}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=-\frac{\left(1+4 v^{2}\right)}{3 v}

\frac{3 v}{1+4 v^{2}} d v=-\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

3\int {\frac{v}{1+4 v^{2}}} d v=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\frac{3}{8} \int \frac{8 v}{1+4 v^{2}} d v=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\frac{3}{8} \operatorname{log}\left(1+4 v^{2}\right)=-log|x|+log k

\frac{3}{8} \log\left|1+4 \frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}\right|=-log|x|+log k

\log \left| \frac{x^{2}+4 y^{2}}{x^{2}}\right|=-\frac{8}{3} \log |x|+\frac{8}{3} \log k

\log \left|\frac{x^{2}+4 y^{2}}{x^{2}}\right|+\log x^{\frac{8}{3}}=\log {k^{\frac{8}{3}}}

\log \left(\frac{x^{2}+4 y^{2}}{x^2} \times x^{\frac{8}{3}}\right)=\log k^{\frac{8}{3}}

x^{2 / 3}\left(x^{2}+4 y^{2}\right)=k^{8 / 3}

दोनो तरफ घन करने पर,

x2(x2+4y2)3=k8

x2(x2+4y2)3=c ,जहाँ c=k8


Question 16

x(x-y)dy+y2dx=0

Sol :

(x2-xy)dy=-y2dx

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{-y^{2}}{x^{2}-x y}

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y^{2}}{x y-x^{2}}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{y^{2}}{x y-x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{v^{2} x^{2}}{x \cdot v x-x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{v^{2} x^{2}}{x^{2}(v-1)}

\frac{d v}{x} \cdot x=\frac{v^{2}}{v-1}-v

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{v^{2}-v^{2}+v}{v-1}

\frac{v-1}{v} d v=\frac{dx}{x}

\left(\frac{v}{v}-\frac{1}{v}\right) d v-\frac{dx}{x}

\left(1-\frac{1}{v}\right) d v=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int\left(1-\frac{1}{v}\right) d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

v-log v=log x+ log k

v=log v+ log x+ log k

\frac{y}{x}=\log \frac{y}{x}+\log {x}+\log k

\frac{y}{x}=\log \frac{y}{x} \cdot x \cdot k

\frac{y}{x}=\log ky

e^{\frac{y}{x}}=k y

\frac{1}{k} e^{y / x}=y

c e^{y /x}=y, जहाँ c=\frac{1}{k}


Question 17

(x-y) \frac{d y}{d x}=x+2 y

Sol :

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{x+2 y}{x-y}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{x+2 y}{x-y}

\frac{d v}{d u} \cdot x+v=\frac{x+2 v x}{x-v x}

\frac{d v}{d x} x+v=\frac{x(1+2 v)}{x(1-v)}

\frac{d v}{d x} x=\frac{1+2 v}{1-v}-v

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{1+2 v-v+v^{2}}{1-v}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=\frac{v^{2}+v+1}{1-x}

\frac{1-v}{v^{2}+v+1} d v=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both side

\int \frac{1-v}{v^{2}+v+1} d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

1-v=\frac{A \cdot d\left(u^{2}+u+1\right)}{dv}+B

1-v=A(2v+1)+B

1-v=2AV+A+B

By equating coefficient of v and constant 

2A=-1

A=-\frac{1}{2}


A+B=1

-\frac{1}{2}+B=1 \Rightarrow B=\frac{3}{2}

\int \frac{A(2 v+1)+B}{v^{2}+v+1} d v=\int \frac{dx}{x}

A\int \frac{2 v+1}{v^{2}+v+1} d v+B \int \frac{1}{v^{2}+v+1} d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

v2+v+1=v^{2}+2 \cdot v \cdot \frac{1}{2}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}+1-\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}

=\left(v+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)^{2}

-\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{2 v+1}{u^{2}+v+1} d v+\frac{3}{2} \int \frac{1}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(v+\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}} d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

-\frac{1}{2} \log\left|v^{2}+v+1\right|+\frac{3}{2} \times \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} \tan ^{-1} \frac{v+\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}+c=\log |x|

\sqrt{3}\tan ^{-1} \frac{\frac{2 v+1}{2}}{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}+c=\frac{1}{2} \log \left|v^{2}+v+1\right|+\log |x|

\sqrt{3} \tan ^{-1} \dfrac{\frac{2y}{x}+1}{\sqrt{3}}+C=\frac{1}{2}\left[\log \left|\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}+\frac{y}{2}+1\right|+2\log |x| \right]

2 \sqrt{3}\tan^{-1} \frac{\frac{2 y+x}{x}}{\sqrt{3}}+c=\log \left| \frac{y^{2}+x y+x^{2}}{x^{2}}\right|+\log|x^2|

2 \sqrt{3} \tan ^{-1} \frac{x+2 y}{\sqrt{3} x}+c=\log \left| \frac{y^{2}+x y+x^{2}}{x^{2}} \times x^{2}\right|

2 \sqrt{3} \tan ^{-1} \frac{x+2 y}{\sqrt{3} x}+c=\log \left|x^{2}+x y+y^{2}\right|


Question 18

x \frac{d y}{d x}=y(\log y-\log x+1)

Sol :

\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y(\log y-\log x+1)}{x}=F(x, y)...(i)

f\left(k_{x}, k_{y}\right)=\frac{ky\left(\log k y-\log kx+1\right)}{k x}

=\frac{y\left(\operatorname{log} \frac{k y}{k x}+1\right)}{x}

=\frac{y(\log y-\log x+1)}{x}

=k0 f(x,y)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=y\left(\frac{\log y-\log x+1}{x}\right)

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{v x(\log v x-\log x+1)}{x}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=v\left(\log \frac{v x}{x}+1\right)

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=v \log v+v

\frac{d v}{v \log v}=\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{d v}{v \log v}=\int \frac{d x}{x}

log|log v|=log |x|+log C

\log \left|\log \frac{y}{x}\right|=\log | c x|

\log \frac{y}{x}=C x

\frac{y}{x}=e^{Cx}

y=xeCx


Question 19

(x-y) \frac{d y}{d x}=x+3 y

Sol :

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{x+3 y}{x-y}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=\frac{x+3 y}{x-y}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{x+3 v x}{x-v x}

\frac{d v}{d x} x+v=\frac{x(1+3 v)}{x(1-v)}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{1+3 v}{1-v}-v

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=\frac{1+3 v-v+v^{2}}{1-v}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{v^{2}+2v+1}{1-v}

\frac{1-v}{v^{2}+2v+1} d v=\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{1-v}{v^{2}+2 v+1} d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

1-v=\frac{A \cdot d\left(v^{2}+2 v+1\right)}{d v}+B

1-v=A(2v+2)+B


Question 20

(x3+3xy2)dx+(y3+3x2y)dy=0

Sol :

(y3+3x2y)dy=-(x3+3xy2)dx

\frac{d y}{d x}=-\frac{\left(x^{3}+3 x y^{2}\right)}{y^{3}+3 x^{2} y}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=-\frac{\left(x^{3}+3 x y^{2}\right)}{y^{3}+3 x^{2} y}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{-\left(x^{3}+3 x v^{2} x^{2}\right)}{v^{3} x^{3}+3 x^{2} \cdot v x}

\frac{dv}{d x} \cdot x+v=-\frac{x^{3}\left(1+3 v^{2}\right)}{x^{3}\left(v^{3}+3 v\right)}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=-\frac{\left(1+3 v^{2}\right)}{v^{3}+3 v}-v

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=\frac{-1-3 v^{2}-v^{4}-3 v^{2}}{u^{3}+3 v}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=\frac{-v^{4}-6 v^{2}-1}{v^{3}+3 v}

\frac{v^{3}+3 v}{v^{4}+6 v^{2}+1} d v=-\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{v^{3}+3 v}{v^{4}+6 v^{2}+1} d v=-\int \frac{d x}{x}

\frac{1}{4} \int \frac{4 v^{3}+12 v}{v^{4}+6 v^{2}+1} d v=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\frac{1}{4} \log \left|v^{4}+6 v^{2}+1\right|=-\log|x|+\log k

log |v4+6v2+1|=-4log |x|+4log k

\log \left|\frac{y^{4}}{x^{4}}+\frac{6 y^{2}}{x^{2}}+1\right|+\operatorname{log}\left|x^{4}\right|=\log k^{4}

\log \left|\frac{y^{4}+6 x^{2} y^{2}+x^{4}}{x^{4}}\right|+\log |x^{4}| =\log k^{4}

\log \left|\frac{y^{4}+6 x^{2} y^{2}+x^{4}}{x^{4}} \times x^{4}\right| =\log k^{4}

x4+6x2y2+y4=k4

x4+6x2y2+y4=C, जहाँ C=k4


Question 21

(x-\sqrt{x y}) d y=y d x

Sol :

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y}{x-\sqrt{x y}}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=\frac{y}{x-\sqrt{x y}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{v x}{x-\sqrt{x \cdot v k}}

\frac{dv}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{v x}{x(1-\sqrt{v})}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=\frac{v}{1-\sqrt{v}}-v

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{v-v+v \sqrt{v}}{1-\sqrt{v}}

\frac{1-\sqrt{v}}{v \sqrt{v}} d v=\frac{d x}{x}

\left(\frac{1}{v \sqrt{v}}-\frac{\sqrt{v}}{v\sqrt{v}}\right) d v=\frac{d x}{x}

\left(v^{-\frac{3}{2}}-\frac{1}{v}\right) d v=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int\left(v^{\frac{-3}{2}}-\frac{1}{v}\right) d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

\frac{v^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\frac{-1}{2}}-\log |v|=\log x+\log k

-2 v^{-\frac{1}{2}}-\log v=\log k x

-\left[2\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}-\log \frac{y}{x}\right]=\log k x

2 \sqrt{\frac{x}{y}}+\log \frac{y}{x}=-\log k x

2 \sqrt{\frac{x}{y}}+\log y-\log x=\log (k x)^{-1}

2 \sqrt{\frac{x}{y}}+\log y=\log \frac{1}{kx}+\log x

2 \sqrt{\frac{x}{y}}+\log y=\log \frac{1}{k}

2 \sqrt{\frac{x}{y}}+\log y=C , जहाँ C=\log \frac{1}{k}


Question 22

x \frac{d y}{d x}+\frac{y^{2}}{x}=y

Sol :

x से भाग देने पर

\frac{d y}{d x}+\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}=\frac{y}{x}

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y}{x}-\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=\frac{y}{x}-\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot v+v=v-v^{2}

\frac{d v}{v^{2}}=-\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{d v}{v^{2}}=-\int \frac{d x}{x}

-\frac{1}{v}=-\log \cdot|x|+c

\log |x|-\frac{1}{\frac{y}{x}}=c

\log |x|-\frac{x}{y}=c


Question 23

x \frac{d y}{d x}-y=2 \sqrt{y^{2}-x^{2}}

Sol :

\frac{d v}{dx}=\frac{2 \sqrt{y^{2}-x^{2}}+y}{x}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{2 \sqrt{y^{2}-x^{2}}+y}{x}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{2 \sqrt{v^{2} x^{2}-x^{2}}+v x}{x}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\cdot \frac{x\left(2 \sqrt{v^{2}-1}+v\right)}{x}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=2 \sqrt{{v^{2}-1}}+v

\frac{d v}{\sqrt{v^{2}-1}}=2 \frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{d v}{\sqrt{v^{2}-1}}=2 \int \frac{d v}{x}

\log|v+\sqrt{v^2-1}|=2log|x|+log C

\log \left|\frac{y}{x}+\sqrt{\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}-1}\right|=\log \left|x^{2}\right|+\log C

\log \left|\frac{y}{x}+\sqrt{\frac{y^{2}-x^{2}}{x^{2}}}\right|=\log \left|c x^{2}\right|

\frac{y+\sqrt{y^{2}-x^{2}}}{x}=c x^{2}

y+\sqrt{y^{2}-x^{2}}=c x^{3}


Question 24

y2dx+(x2+xy+y2)dy=0

Sol :

(x2+xy+y2)dy=-y2dx

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{-y^{2}}{x^{2}+x y+y^{2}}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=\frac{-y^{2}}{x^{2}+x y+y^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{-v^{2} x^{2}}{x^{2}+x \cdot v x+v^{2} x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{-v^{2} x^{2}}{x^{2}\left(1+v+v^{2}\right)}

\frac{d v}{d x} x=\frac{-v^{2}}{1+u+v^{2}}-v

\frac{d v}{d x}x=\frac{-v^{2}-v-v^{2}-v^{3}}{1+v+v^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{-\left(v^{3}+2 v^{2}+v\right)}{v^{2}+v+1}

\frac{v^{2}+v+1}{v\left(v^{2}+2 v+1\right)} d v=-\frac{d x}{x}

\frac{v(v+1)+1}{v(v+1)^{2}} d v=-\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{v(v-1)+1}{v(v+1)^{2}} d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

\int\left[\frac{v(v+1)}{v(v+1)^{2}}+\frac{1}{v(v+1)^{2}}\right] d v=-\int \frac{d x}{x}

\int\left[\frac{1}{v+1}+\frac{1}{v(v+1)^{2}}\right] d v=-\frac{d x}{x}

Let, 

\frac{1}{v(v+1)^{2}}=\frac{A}{v}+\frac{B}{(v+1)}+\frac{C}{(v+1)^{2}}

\frac{1}{v(v+1)^{2}}=\frac{A(v+1)^{2}+B v(v+1)+C v}{v(v+1)^{2}}

1=A(v2+2v+1)+B(v2+v)+Cv

A+B=0, 2A+B+C=0, A=1

B=-1, 

2(1)-1+C=0

C=-1

\int\left[\frac{1}{v+1}+\frac{1}{v} -\frac{1}{v+1} \frac{-1}{(v+1)^{2}}\right] d v=-\int\frac{d x}{x}

\log v+\frac{1}{v+1}=-\log x+c

\log \frac{y}{x}+\frac{1}{\frac{y}{x}+1}+\log x=c

\log y+\frac{x}{y+x}=c


Question 25

\left(x \sin \frac{y}{x}\right) d y=\left(y \sin \frac{y}{x}-x\right) d x

Sol :

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y \sin \frac{y}{x}-x}{x \sin \frac{y}{x}}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{y \sin \frac{y}{x}-x}{x \sin \frac{y}{x}}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=\frac{v x+\sin \frac{v x}{x}-x}{x \operatorname{sin} \frac{v x}{x}}

\frac{d v}{d x}x+v=\frac{x(v \sin v-1)}{x \sin v}

\frac{d v}{d v} \cdot x+v=\frac{v \sin v}{\sin v}-\frac{1}{\sin v}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=v-\frac{1}{\sin v}

-\sin v d v=\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

-\int \sin v d v=\int \frac{dx}{x}

cos v=log |x|+C

\cos \frac{y}{x}=\log |x|+c


Question 26

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y}{x}+\sin \frac{y}{x}

Sol :

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y}{x}+\sin \frac{y}{x}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{dv}{d x} x+v=\frac{y}{x}+\sin\frac{y}{x}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=v+\sin v

\frac{d v}{\sin v}=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \operatorname{cosec} v d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

\log \left|1+\frac{v}{2}\right|=\log | x \mid+\log c

\log \left|\frac{y}{2 x}\right|=\log | c x \mid

\tan \left(\frac{y}{2x}\right)=C x


Question 27

x \frac{d y}{d x}=y-x \cos ^{2}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)

Sol :

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y}{2}-\cos ^{2}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{y}{x}-\cos ^{2}\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=v-\cos ^{2} v

\frac{d v}{\cos ^{2} v}=-\frac{dx}{x}

\sec ^{2} v d v=-\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \sec ^{2} v d v=-\int \frac{d x}{x}

tan v=-log|x|+C

\tan \frac{y}{x}=C-\log |x|


Question 28

x \frac{d y}{d x}-y+x \sin \frac{y}{x}=0

Sol :

x \frac{d y}{d x}-y+x \sin \frac{y}{x}=0

x \frac{d y}{dx}=y-x \sin \frac{y}{x}

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y}{x}-\sin \frac{y}{x}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{y}{x}-\sin \frac{y}{x}

\frac{d v}{d x}-x+v=v-\sin v

\frac{d v}{\sin v}=-\frac{d x}{x}

\operatorname{cosec}v d v=-\frac{d}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \operatorname{cosec} v d v=-\int \frac{d x}{x}

\log \left|\tan \frac{v}{2}\right|=-\log | x|+\log | c|

\log \left|\tan \left(\frac{y}{2 x}\right)\right|=\log \frac{c}{x}

\tan \left(\frac{y}{2 x}\right)=\frac{c}{x}

x \tan \left(\frac{y}{2 x}\right)=C


Question 29

अवकल समीकरण x2dy+y(x+y)dx=0 को हल करें यदि y=1 जब x=1

Sol :

x2dy+y(x+y)dx=0

x2dy=-(xy+y2)dx

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{-\left(x y+y^{2}\right)}{x^{2}}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=-\frac{\left(xy+y^{2}\right)}{x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=-\left(\frac{x \cdot v x+v^{2} x^{2}}{x^{2}}\right)

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=-\frac{x^{2}\left(v+v^{2}\right)}{x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=-v-v^{2}-v

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=-v^{2}-2 v

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=-v(v-2)

\frac{d v}{v(v-z)}=-\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{d v}{v(v+2)}=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\frac{1}{2} \int\left(\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{v+2}\right) d v=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\frac{1}{2}\left[\log {v}-\log \left| v+2\right|\right]=-\operatorname{log}|x|+\log c

\frac{1}{2} \log \frac{v}{v+2}+\log x=\log C

\frac{1}{2} \log \left|\frac{\frac{y}{x}}{\frac{y}{x}+2} \right|+\log x=\log C

\frac{1}{2}\left[\log \left| \frac{\frac{y}{x}}{\frac{y+2 x}{x}}\right|+\log x^{2}\right]=\log C

\log \frac{y}{y+2 x} \times x^{2}=\log C^{2}

\frac{x^{2} y}{y+2x}=C^{2}

y=1 जब x=1

\frac{1^{2} \cdot 1}{1+2(1)}=C^{2}

C^{2}=\frac{1}{3}

∴अवकल समीकरण का हल

\frac{x^{2} y}{y +2 x}=\frac{1}{3}

3x2y=y+2x


Question 30

अवकल समीकरण (x+y)dy+(x-y)dx=0 को हल करें यदि y=1 जब x=1

Sol :
(x+y)dy+(x-y)dx=0

(x+y)dy=-(x-y)dx

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{(y-x)}{(x+y)}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{y-x}{x+y}

\frac{d v}{d x} x+v=\frac{v x-x}{x+v x}

\frac{d v}{d x} x+v=\frac{x(v-1)}{x(1+v)}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=\frac{v-1}{1+v}-v

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=\frac{v-1-v-v^2}{1+v}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=-\frac{\left(1+v^{2}\right)}{1+v}

\frac{1+v}{1+v^{2}} d v=-\frac{d x}{x}

\frac{1}{1+v^{2}} d v+\frac{v}{1+v^{2}} d v=-\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{1}{1+v^{2}} d v+\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{2 v}{1+v^{2}} d v=-\int \frac{dx}{x}

\tan ^{-1} v+\frac{1}{2} \log |1+v^{2}|=-\log x+C

\frac{1}{2}\left[2 \tan ^{-1} \frac{y}{x}+\log \left|1+\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}} \right|\right]=-\log x+C

2 \tan ^{-1} \frac{y}{x}+\log y\left|\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{x^{2}} \right|+\log y x^{2}=2C

2 \tan ^{-1} \frac{y}{x}+\log \left| \frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{x^{2}} \cdot x^{2}\right|=2C

y=1 जहाँ x=1

2 \tan ^{-1} \frac{1}{1}+\log |1^2+1^{2}|=2C

2\frac{\pi}{4}+\log 2=2C

\frac{\pi}{2}+\log 2=2C

अवकल समीकरण का हल

2 \tan ^{-1} \frac{y}{x}+\log|x^2+y^2|=\frac{\pi}{2}+\log 2


Question 31

अवकल समीकरण (x2-y2)dx+2xydy=0 को हल करें यदि y=1 जब x=1

Sol :

(x2-y2)dx+2xydy=0

2xydy=-(x2-y2)dx

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y^{2}-x^{2}}{2 x y}..(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=\frac{y^{2}-x^{2}}{2 x y}

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x+v=\frac{v^{2} x^{2}-x^{2}}{2 x \cdot v x}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{x^{2}\left(v^{2}-1\right)}{2 v x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{v^{2}-1}{2 v}-v

\frac{d v}{dx} \cdot x=\frac{v^{2}-1-2 v^{2}}{2 v}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x=\frac{-1-v^{2}}{2 v}

\frac{dv}{dx} \cdot x=-\frac{\left(1+v^{2}\right)}{2 v}

\frac{2 v}{1+v^{2}} d v=-\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

\int \frac{2 v}{1+v^{2}} d v=-\int \frac{d x}{x}

log|1+v2|=-log|x|+log|C|

\log \left|1+\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}\right|+\log x=\log C

\log \left|\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{x^{2}} \times x\right|=\log C

\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{x}=C

x2+y2=Cx

y=1 जब x=1

12+12=C(1)

2=C

∴अवकल समीकरण का हल;

x2+y2=2x


Question 32

अवकल समीकरण 2xy+y2-2x2\frac{dy}{dx}=0 को हल करें यदि y=2 जब x=1

Sol :

2 x y+y^{2}-2 x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x}=0

2 x y+y^{2}=2 x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x}

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{2 x y+y^{2}}{2 x^{2}}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} x+v=\frac{2 x y+y^{2}}{2 x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{2 x \cdot v x+ v^{2} x^{2}}{2 x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=x^{2} \frac{\left(2 v+v^{2}\right)}{2 x^{2}}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=v+\frac{v^{2}}{2}

\frac{2}{v^{2}} d v=\frac{d x}{x}

Integrating both sides

2 \int \frac{1}{v^{2}} d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

-\frac{2}{v}=\log|x|+c

-\frac{2 x}{y}=\log |x|+C

∵y=2 जब x=1

\frac{-2(1)}{2}=\log|1|+C

-1=C

∴अवकल समीकरण का हल

-\frac{2 x}{y}=\log |x|-1

\frac{2 x}{y}=-\log |x|+1

2x=y(1-log|x|)


Question 33

अवकल समीकरण \left(x \sin ^{2} \frac{y}{x}-y\right) d x+x d y=0 को हल करें यदि y=\frac{\pi}{4} जब x=1

Sol :

\left(x \sin ^{2} \frac{y}{x}-y\right) d x+x d y=0

x d y=-\left(x \sin ^{2} \frac{y}{x}-y\right) d x

\frac{d y}{dx}=\frac{y-x+\sin^2 \frac{x}{y}}{x}

\frac{d y}{dx}=\frac{y}{x}-\sin ^{2} \frac{y}{x}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} x+v=\frac{y}{x}-\sin ^{2} \frac{y}{x}

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=v-\sin ^{2} v

\frac{d v}{\sin^{2} v}=-\frac{d x}{x}

-\operatorname{cosec}^{2} v dv=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

-\int \operatorname{cosec}^{2} v d v=\int \frac{d x}{x}

cot v=log |x|+C

\cot \left(\frac{y}{x}\right)=\log |x|+C

y=\frac{\pi}{4}, जब x=1

\cot \left(\frac{\frac{\pi}{4}}{1}\right)=\log |1|+c

1=C

∴अवकल समीकरम का हल

\cot \left(\frac{y}{x}\right)=\log |x|+1


Question 34

अवकल समीकरण \frac{d y}{d x}-\frac{y}{x}+\operatorname{cosec} \frac{y}{x}=0  को हल करें यदि y=0 जब x=1

Sol :

\frac{d y}{d x}-\frac{y}{x}+\operatorname{cosec} \frac{y}{x}=0

\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{y}{x}-\text{cosec} \frac{y}{x}...(i)

यह एक समघातीय अवकल समीकरण है।

y=vx ⇒ v=\frac{y}{x}

Differentiating w.r.t x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dv}{dx}x+v..(ii)

समीकरण (i) तथा (ii) से,

\frac{d v}{d x} \cdot x+v=\frac{y}{x}-\operatorname{cosec} \frac{y}{x}

\frac{d y}{dx} \cdot x+v=v-\text{cosec } v

\frac{d v}{-\operatorname{cosec} v}=\frac{dx}{x}

-\sin v d v=\frac{dx}{x}

Integrating both sides

-\int \sin v d v=\int \frac{dv}{x}

cos v=log|x|+C

\cos \frac{y}{x}=\log |x|+C

∵y=0 जब x=1

\cos \left(\frac{0}{1}\right)=\log |1|+C

1=C

∴अवकल समीकरण का हल

\cos \frac{y}{x}=\log |x|+1

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